Royale Entree Duck Smll Breed Adult Dog Food

● Beneficial (emerging)A by-product of beer brewing that provides B vitamins, protein, and trace minerals. Some studies have explored its role as a source of mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) for gut health support and as a natural palatability enhancer.Sources: Nutritional composition data · Swanson et al. 2002

● Contextual noteA broad AAFCO-defined category that may contain multiple unspecified compounds. Relevant for allergy-prone pets since potential allergens may not be individually listed.Sources: AAFCO 2024

● Beneficial (emerging)Kiwifruit is high in vitamin C and soluble fibre and contains the proteolytic enzyme actinidin; multi-country randomised human trials associate eating green kiwifruit with more frequent bowel movements and reduced digestive discomfort (attributed to the fibre's water-holding capacity plus actinidin), though this evidence is human, not canine. Kiwifruit also contains calcium-oxalate raphides, which sources note can cause mouth or skin irritation in some sensitive animals.Sources: Habitual Green Kiwifruit Consumption Is Associated with a Reduction in Upper Gastrointestinal Symptoms: A Systematic Scoping Review · The effect of 'Zesy002' kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis) on gut health function: a randomised cross-over clinical trial · The nutritional and health attributes of kiwifruit: a reviewPosition on the ingredient list suggests a moderate to small inclusion level.

● Beneficial (supported)Contains a unique omega-3 fatty acid (ETA) and has been associated with anti-inflammatory and joint support benefits in some studies in dogs. Relevant for the AU/NZ market.Sources: Servet et al. 2006 · Bierer & Bui 2002Position on the ingredient list suggests a moderate to small inclusion level.

● Beneficial (emerging)Manuka honey has documented antibacterial properties (due to methylglyoxal content) and has been explored for wound healing, digestive health, and immune support in dogs. Should be used cautiously in pets with diabetes due to high sugar content.Sources: Veterinary wound care studies · New Zealand Manuka honey researchPosition on the ingredient list suggests a moderate to small inclusion level.

● Beneficial (well-established)Marine-source omega-3 fatty acids associated with anti-inflammatory, skin/coat health, joint support, cognitive function, and cardiac and renal support in multiple peer-reviewed studies.Sources: Bauer 2011 JAVMA · NRC 2006 · Multiple RCTs in dogs for skin/joint conditionsPosition on the ingredient list suggests a moderate to small inclusion level.

● Contextual noteAn essential mineral present in all pet food. Flag only when appearing high on the ingredient list.Sources: NRC 2006

● Standard ingredientA standard added magnesium (mineral) supplement.

● Standard ingredientCholine chloride: a standard added nutrient for normal cell and nerve function.

● Standard ingredientA standard added potassium (mineral) supplement.

● Standard ingredientA generic term for acidulants used as preservatives or pH regulators. Common food acids include citric acid, phosphoric acid, and lactic acid.Sources: AAFCO ingredient definitions

● Beneficial (well-established)Taurine supplementation is increasingly common in dog food, particularly for breeds associated with DCM susceptibility.Sources: Pion et al. 1987 · NRC 2006 · Freeman et al. 2018Position on the ingredient list suggests a small inclusion level.

● Contextual noteAn essential amino acid commonly added to pet food. Also functions as a urinary acidifier (lowers urine pH). Veterinary sources note it should be used with caution in pets with kidney disease, pancreatic disease, or liver insufficiency. Not recommended for kittens.Sources: VCA Animal Hospitals · PetMD veterinary reference · NRC 2006

● Standard ingredientA standard added calcium (mineral) supplement.

● Beneficial (supported)Chelated (organic) mineral forms are associated with better bioavailability compared to inorganic forms in published research.Sources: Spears 1996 · NRC 2006Position on the ingredient list suggests a small inclusion level.

● Beneficial (supported)Chelated (organic) mineral forms are associated with better bioavailability compared to inorganic forms in published research.Sources: Spears 1996 · NRC 2006Position on the ingredient list suggests a small inclusion level.

● Standard ingredientA standard added vitamin with antioxidant function.

● Standard ingredientNiacin (vitamin B3): a standard added B vitamin.

● Beneficial (supported)Chelated (organic) mineral forms are associated with better bioavailability compared to inorganic forms in published research.Sources: Spears 1996 · NRC 2006Position on the ingredient list suggests a small inclusion level.

● Standard ingredientPantothenic acid (vitamin B5): a standard added B vitamin.

● Beneficial (supported)Chelated (organic) mineral forms are associated with better bioavailability compared to inorganic forms in published research.Sources: Spears 1996 · NRC 2006Position on the ingredient list suggests a small inclusion level.

● Standard ingredientA standard added selenium (mineral) supplement.

● Standard ingredientRiboflavin (vitamin B2): a standard added B vitamin.

● Standard ingredientThiamine (vitamin B1): a standard added B vitamin.

● Standard ingredientVitamin B12: a standard added B vitamin.

● Standard ingredientA standard added vitamin involved in vision and immune function.

● Standard ingredientVitamin B6 (pyridoxine): a standard added B vitamin.

● Standard ingredientA trace mineral supplement providing cobalt, which is a component of vitamin B12.Sources: NRC 2006

● Standard ingredientA standard added iodine (mineral) supplement.

● Standard ingredientFolic acid (vitamin B9): a standard added B vitamin.

● Standard ingredientA standard added vitamin involved in calcium metabolism and bone health.

● Beneficial (emerging)This product uses mixed tocopherols (natural vitamin E) as a preservative, which is an alternative to synthetic preservation systems.Sources: NRC 2006Position on the ingredient list suggests a small inclusion level.

● Contextual noteGenerally regarded as a positive natural preservative alternative to synthetic options. Some veterinary sources suggest rosemary may lower seizure thresholds in dogs with epilepsy.Sources: Goncalves et al. 2019

● Beneficial (emerging)An extract from tea leaves (typically green tea) providing polyphenols and catechins (particularly EGCG) with well-documented antioxidant properties. Some studies have explored benefits for oral health and antioxidant status in dogs.Sources: Green tea catechin antioxidant studies · Veterinary oral health researchPosition on the ingredient list suggests a small inclusion level.

● Contextual noteA herb extract used for breath freshening and flavour. Spearmint (Mentha spicata) is listed as non-toxic to dogs and cats by ASPCA. However, concentrated mint essential oils are toxic to pets - the diluted extract used in pet food is safe at normal inclusion levels. Note: English pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) is a different mint species that IS toxic to dogs and should not be confused with spearmint.Sources: ASPCA non-toxic plant list · Dog Food Advisor mint guide · Continental Kennel Club